A more technical explanation is that Piccolo uses an in-memory, key-value store and a “global table interface” — as opposed to Hadoop, which utilizes a distributed file system contained within the disk drives of the machines in the cluster — that lets the CPUs access all the data simultaneously, and at high speeds only possible by pulling data straight from RAM. In this fairly long, but genuinely interesting presentation at the OSDI 10 conference, lead developer Russell Power explains how Piccolo works, how it differs from Hadoop and how it has tested far faster than Hadoop on certain workloads. Power compares Piccolo to the Chevy El Camino, which was both efficient and easy to use while also delivering high performance. Here’s a screenshot of Power illustrating Piccolo’s scalability on an Amazon EC2 cluster:

I’m not suggesting Piccolo is going to replace Hadoop, or MapReduce, generally, anytime soon or ever — Hadoop vendor Cloudera today received a strategic investment from U.S. intelligence sector consultant In-Q-Tel, which should hammer home the fact that Hadoop is for real — but Piccolo is worth watching. It certainly wouldn’t be the first academic project in recent memory to make it big; the Marten-Mickos-led cloud-software provider Eucalyptus Systems was a research project from the University of California Santa Barbara when it caught on, and then struck it big with VCs and early adopters.

To learn even more about the future of big data processing and analysis, make sure to attend out Structure Big Data conference March 23 in New York City. You won’t likely hear about the seedling Piccolo project, but you’ll hear plenty about cutting-edge use cases and tactics for the current generation of big data tools.

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CumuLogic was co-founded by Sun Cloud and Startup Essentials vets Rajesh Ramchandani and Laura Ventura, and touts Java creator James Gosling and former Sun CIO Bill Vass as the leaders of its technical advisory board. According to Ramchandani, he and Ventura were inspired to create a Java PaaS after they left Oracle and started thinking about how Sun could might have expanded its cloud computing efforts into the PaaS space had Oracle not killed Sun’s cloud project upon its acquisition of the company. We’ll never know how close CumuLogic is to what Sun might have done, but the company does appear to have embraced Sun’s legacy of giving users plenty of choice and control.

CEO Sandip Gupta told me that CumuLogic is focused on legacy Java applications, of which companies have written countless numbers over the years. Instead of rewriting applications to fit new platforms and, essentially, giving up application components on which companies might have standardized over the years, CumuLogic wants to give them the flexibility to keep using those components, from application platforms to databases. Further, CumuLogic wants to give customers choice of where to host their PaaS environment by providing a software product that can be installed locally or atop an IaaS cloud. Makara, the cloud software recently acquired by Red Hat, offers the same functionality with regard to deployment, but the companies differ in terms of scope.

CumuLogic also is trying to set itself apart by retaining a degree of IT control over the environment. Gupta explained that CumuLogic gives IT administrators the ability to do things like determine application lifecycles, establish permissions and transition environments from dev-test to production — all while giving end users the self-service, automated experience they expect from a PaaS offering.

As anyone following cloud computing over the past several weeks has noticed, however, options for Java PaaS are proliferating fast.  Among the offerings now supporting Java applications are Amazon’s Elastic Beanstalk, Google App Engine, VMforce, CloudBees, Makara and Windows Azure. But each product differs in terms of where they’re hosted, what frameworks and stacks they support, and whether they also support additional programming languages. Gupta thinks CumuLogic can carve out a niche serving the likely sizable population of companies, service providers and ISVs that want to support legacy Java applications in the cloud, which probably is true for the time being until customers start writing new applications in today’s popular web languages such as Ruby and PHP. If that time comes, he added, CumuLogic is willing to look at expanding its scope.

Java image courtesy of Flickr user Dominic’s pics.

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Jevons recently got big play in a New Yorker article arguing that greater overall energy efficiency won’t help solve our energy usage problems, but will instead lead to more ways to use the fruits of low-cost energy consumption, thus leading to more overall consumption. Perhaps as a society that loves to consume without guilt, we’re just really attuned to his message. Anyhow, in applying it to computation, McAfee states:

Rather than wading into the energy debate, though, I want to wonder out loud if computation is like energy. Both are necessary inputs to many productive activities. Both are consumed by every company in every industry. Both are amplifiers of human ability: energy amplifies or replaces our muscles; computation does the same for our brains and senses. Both come from physical things, yet are themselves ethereal; you can hold a lump of coal or a transistor in your hand, but not a joule or a megaFLOP. And the devices that generate both are getting more efficient over time.

If the analogy is a tight one, if Moore’s Law continues to hold true, and if Jevons was right about energy-intensive processes, then one conclusion seems inescapable: the trends visible in both of the graphs above are going to continue. Computers are going to keep getting cheaper, and aggregate demand for them is going to continue to rise.

I can’t argue with that, but I can argue that the beneficiaries of continued compute demand will change over time. Much like the beneficiaries of cheaper, more abundant energy changed from railroads and transport companies to home appliance or air conditioning makers, the beneficiaries for the lower cost of computing will change.

Intel’s x86 chips may give way to ARM or GPUs or something completely different, and I’d also push the argument out for radios and other silicon that enables connectivity since I fundamentally believe that in the future computation and connectivity will be forever linked. That means processors and radios will always be in demand (even if the purveyors and even form factors change) as well as the hardware used in networking, be it fiber or base stations.

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Amazon Web Services, which popularized cloud computing with its Elastic Compute Cloud and Simple Storage Service, has moved up the stack from infrastructure to providing Amazon Elastic Beanstalk, its Platform-as-a-Service play. However, Amazon is layering its PaaS offering on top of its other services in a way that’s easily reversed, which means developers can take the easy way out of developing on Beanstalk, or they can peel back the platform to manually provision and tweak their underlying VMs if they want.

Adam Selipsky, VP of Amazon Web Services, says the service was built to address the idea of vendor lock-in and inflexibility that commonly afflicts other platforms for application development. With the first efforts, Amazon is providing a framework for folks to build Java apps on AWS with other programming languages and partnerships to follow. It’s not surprising, given the attention that Platforms-as-a-Service have been getting in the last 12 months or so. At the beginning of last year, Microsoft finally opened up its Azure platform, while a few months later, VMware and Salesforce.com teamed up to offer VMforce, a Java cloud hosted on Salesforce’s infrastructure, and VMware eased into the PaaS market in other ways this year. Google amped up its App Engine offering, tying it to Salesforce and VMware, while smaller providers of Platforms-as-a-Service such as Makara and Heroku were snapped up (by Red Hat and Salesforce respectively).

For Amazon, long the leader in the cloud space, seeing competitors move up the stack and developers taking advantage of those platforms that weren’t necessarily built on AWS infrastructure was a warning. As my colleague Derrick Harris wrote back in May (GigaOM Pro sub req’d):

So, my question is this: If AWS really will be simplifying management within the coming weeks, what are the chances it does so via a PaaS offering of sorts? It would be wise for AWS to leverage its current leads in market and mind share and preempt any serious momentum by PaaS providers. Technically, they’re not competitors yet (to the degree that IaaS and PaaS can vary differently in terms of target audience), but the next generation of PaaS offerings will blur those lines. AWS has the tools to build a holistic PaaS offering, the economies of scale to make it profitable, and the SDKs to cater to specific set of developers. If it does so, the cloud-computing discussion will take on an entirely different tenor as PaaS providers scramble to differentiate themselves from AWS in this area, too.

Amazon’s Beanstalk offering has taken longer to launch than the few weeks Derrick had hoped for, but now it’s here. Amazon’s next move will be expanding beyond Java, something it could do via partnerships with other providers or on its own. Brian White, a developer with AWS, said PHP and Ruby are high on Amazon’s list, but declined to specify how partnerships with other providers might look. When asked about competing with other PaaS providers who host their platforms on AWS infrastructure, Selipsky suggested that perhaps those might become partners for supporting other languages.

Indeed, in its press release on Beanstalk, Amazon included a quote from John Dillon, CEO of Engine Yard, saying the company is working with Amazon to provide a Ruby on Rails offering on Beanstalk. So will Amazon be a giant lumbering down the beanstalk to crush the PaaS competition, and will it lift others up to its height?

Image courtesy of Flickr user Melody.

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The agreement with Verizon has three implications, with the first being that Bandwidth.com now knows what it will pay to terminate VoIP calls to landlines, which will help it build out a stable cost basis for its business and thus help other VoIP companies it serves do the same. Much like the agreement with the SoundExchange helped Pandora, the online radio station, figure out the costs of providing streaming music to users so it could build out a business model to support itself, this agreement helps Bandwidth.com and other VoIP providers by setting a baseline cost. David Morken, CEO of Bandwidth.com, says he’s in talks with another major wireline provider to sign a similar deal.

The agreement could also help Verizon, which also has a lot of VoIP traffic on its network, pay lower rates to rural telephone companies. Verizon has to pay other telecommunications providers to terminate its VoIP calls, and in some places, it pays almost a half-cent per minute to do so. By publicizing this agreement, Verizon has told the world what it’s charging others, and said what it wants to pay. Expect rural providers to experience pressure from Verizon to bring their VoIP termination fees down to this $0.0007 cent level. From a research note issued today by investment research firm Stifel Nicolaus:

In the absence of reform, we believe Verizon and others are looking to put downward pressure on intercarrier compensation in the marketplace. Verizon is disputing rural carrier collection of access charges for connecting VoIP calls while attempting to negotiate deals, including the one with Bandwidth.com, that move the industry toward lower rates.

The third implication has to do with the somewhat esoteric world of regulation and telecommunications law. The FCC has never ruled on intercarrier compensation rates for VoIP services, because it has never decided if VoIP is a telecommunications service like wireline telephone or an information service like email. Obviously, folks don’t have to pay $0.0007 cents to send an email, although email doesn’t really cross from an IP network to an analog world unless the recipient has dial-up. This private agreement classifies VoIP as an information service and sets a rate — something the FCC hasn’t yet done for VoIP calls. So while the FCC has decades of rate setting and compensation agreements for voice traffic, it has never made the leap to set rates for VoIP. This has left the Verizons and other telcos of the world able to set prices, and the market for VoIP to develop in a way that’s vastly different from the market for email.

So this rather dull-sounding agreement is a big deal for companies like Google, Skype, Twilio and Bandwidth.com, as well as for rural telcos and the FCC. If the FCC decides to make a decision on VoIP interconnection fees rates this year, as some sources have said it will, then Morken says he can let the agreement expire (or not) depending on what the rules say. For Bandwidth.com, which has gone from operating 1 million numbers at the end of 2009 to 17 million numbers today, the agreement is like a hedge against higher prices and regulatory uncertainty that Morken can use to build his business.

With $100 million in annual revenue, up from $85 million the year before, Bandwidth.com is growing well without ever having taken on venture investment. The company, which is profitable, expects to file to go public within the next 18 months, said Morken. We’ve covered the business in December 2009, and I think as an infrastructure provider for VoIP services, Bandwidth.com can sell itself as a credible VoIP platform. Contracts like this only reinforce that legitimacy, although should the FCC declare VoIP an information service, I suppose the contract could become a cost burden other providers wouldn’t have to deal with.

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OpenStack’s storage component, called Object Storage, is now fully functional and ready for industry adoption beyond its use as the foundation of Rackspace’s Cloud Files offerings. According to Scott Hrastar, SVP of technology at Internap, Object Storage is advanced enough that his company was able to implement it with relatively little effort and focus most of its effort on building differentiation into the user-facing aspects of XIPCloud. In fact, Hrastar noted, his team was able to deploy Object Storage without any formal support, relying instead on a few knowledgeable in-house developers and the robust OpenStack community.

That’s good, because OpenStack doesn’t offer formal support — yet. Jonathan Bryce, chairman of the OpenStack Project Oversight Committee and Rackspace Cloud co-founder, said Rackspace has discussed ways to monetize OpenStack, and that support could be a natural fit given Rackspace’s expertise and reputation in technological support. Already, he noted, several Asian companies are providing installation support services, as the project is very popular in Japan and China.

Whether or not Rackspace launched a formal OpenStack support offering, though, the project will continue to mature. With the second release,”Bexar,” set for next month, OpenStack’s computing component will be ready for deployment in small- to mid-size data centers, and Bryce said it will have even more features than expected by this point. This is thanks, in part, to a thriving ecosystem that presently includes more than 40 technology partners and significantly more individual developers. Bryce said OpenStack is still on pace to be ready for use by service providers and webscale data center operators with its “Cactus” release in April, as I reported in November. Bryce added that OpenStack is evaluating how to integrate the Cloudkick technology that Rackspace acquired last month — a difficult proposition because much of Cloudkick’s value comes from being a hosted service — and that the work it has done to help incorporate OpenStack into Canonical’s latest Ubuntu Linux release will pay off in terms of helping the project better understand operating system integration.

The Object Storage readiness is great, but the world really has been waiting for OpenStack Compute since July. When it’s finally production-ready, we’ll see whether it can live up to its hype of not only elevating Rackspace’s cloud offerings, but also providing an open-source seed that can spawn an ecosystem of interoperable, highly advanced cloud offerings both from service providers and within enterprises. Its progress thus far is promising, but it’s a market rife with competition, from Amazon Web Services to VMware.

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During the launch event, EMC showed off its VNXe line — for small- to medium-size business customers — which is cheaper and contains nifty features, such as the ability to provision the hardware from an iPad, and a graphical interface that represents the hardware box, so users can determine what’s wrong. EMC “proved” how easy this system is for folks by getting a fourth grader armed with an iPad to troubleshoot the hardware.

EMC also announced a new product using its $2.1 billion Data Domain acquisition for faster sending of backup information, as well as a new version of its Atmos line of software built on its $2.25 billion acquisition of Isilon. For those drowning in data, EMC offered a new version of it VMAX box that’s twice as fast, with more brains inside for processing big data. (It contains a 128-core processor to manage the memory.) The VMAX system also does away with Fibre Channel interconnects, and instead, counts on the better brains and Flash memory to provide the faster speeds.

However cheesy the presentation, EMC is clearly aware of the big trends in the enterprise, and how the market is fragmenting between the high and low end. At the low end, businesses want cheap, easy-to-use and something that resembles the Apple experience. But at the high end, where there may be fewer customers, but they buy a lot of boxes, EMC is aware that speed, scale and big data are changing the way IT views storage. It’s no longer this backroom archive, but a real-time delivery system for information that could be called upon at any moment. So EMC, which said it has shipped over 10 petabytes of Flash memory last year, is trying to deliver the new future of data. It’s always on, and is the new foundation for business decision-making.

For more on how the data deluge is affecting the enterprise and innovative ways startups are tackling their own data problems, come to our Big Data conference held March 23 in NYC.

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Well, those are the visions. However, there are major hurdles to implementing these ideas. Here are the road blocks:

Infrastructure Investment

First and foremost, there will be a colossal investment needed for both clean power and electric car infrastructure to make their way onto the market, and both will take a lot of time. Author and professor Vaclav Smil has explained in his recent book that an all-electric U.S. fleet would conservatively need 980 TWh of electricity per year to run, which was 25 percent of the U.S. electricity generation in 2008. Smil thinks utilities wouldn’t realistically be able to build that additional amount of electricity generation within two decades.

In addition, that extra generation would have to come from clean power to be carbon-reductive. As anyone who has followed the utility-scale solar market knows, it takes years for utility-scale solar projects to move from drawing board to supplying electricity. In the case of BrightSource Energy’s inaugural solar thermal project Ivanpah, it has taken over three years to just get regulatory approval, and now here come all the environmental protests.

California’s utilities have struggled to meet the state mandate that says they need to buy 20 percent of their electricity supply from clean power by 2010. Most utilities weren’t likely to make that deadline, but state regulation gives them until the end of 2013 to comply. Meanwhile, the utilities will have to make sure they line up enough contracts or install their own projects to meet the 33 percent goal by 2020. And this is just in California, which has an aggressive state mandate.

Utility scale wind is a more mature market, but wind installations slowed in the U.S. considerably in 2010 due to the slowed economy. In addition, because of intermittency, Smil and other researchers think wind could never be a dominant form of clean power. In fact, it’s far from clear if solar and wind will be able to provide baseload power (provides energy 24/7), and the U.S. will have to rely on other forms of clean power like nuclear, geothermal, and hydro.

From a plug-in vehicle market perspective, perhaps it’s not such a bad thing that clean power will take such a long time to get built out. Because plug-in car adoption will take just as long. Bloomberg New Energy Finance predicts there will be 1.6 million plug-in cars sold by 2015, rising to 7.6 million by 2020. In 2010, the U.S. had about 245 million passenger cars, SUVs, vans, and light trucks.

EV + Clean Power

Clearly, it’s going to take decades for both clean power and electric vehicles to make a sizable dent in the U.S. infrastructure. In the mean time, some utilities and companies are looking at ways to use or sell clean power for electric vehicle projects.

SAP and German utility MVV Energie are starting a pilot project using 30 corporate SAP electric vehicles that will be powered exclusively by the utility’s clean power. MVV Energie will be building and operating the smart charging stations that are capable of filling electric cars exclusively with certified green energy.

Better Place, the electric vehicle infrastructure company, plans to incorporate clean power into its networks, particularly in its launch region in Israel. In 2008, when Better Place CEO and founder Shai Agassi announced the Israel Better Place launch, he said the infrastructure will be powered by “batteries, that get their energy from green sustainable electricity sources.” (We’re thinking that’ll be mostly solar, given Israel’s climate).

Batteries as Aid for the Power Grid

While we’re waiting for EVs to be powered by the sun, electric car batteries could be an aid to getting clean power onto the grid. A network of electric cars could offer the potential of distributed energy storage and grid services like load balancing or frequency regulation.

The power grid works by constantly balancing supply and demand (generation and load) and must be kept at a 60 Hz frequency. That’s a complex and difficult task given today’s grid has little energy storage capacity. So if the frequency goes too high or low, the utility must respond by shifting generation and load. For example, PJM, a regional transmission organization serving a population of 51 million, pings generators to control regulation as often as hundreds of times per day. Electric vehicle batteries could act as the real-time, distributed intelligent frequency regulators, replacing generators.

PJM has a project with the University of Delaware using electric vehicles in a demand response program, but John Gartner, an analyst with Pike Research, says, “We don’t see this as a commercial application until at least 2015.” However, after the issues are resolved, the arrival of electric vehicles will provide greater flexibility for utilities to integrate higher percentages of wind and solar power, says Gartner.

Image courtesy of Better Place.

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Anant Agarwal of Tilera (far right) at Structure 2010

Tilera, a chip design firm that hopes to build a 200-core processor for hugely parallel compute problems, has raised $45 million in funding from investors that include Artis Capital Management, WestSummit Capital Management and Comerica Bank. The company has raised a total of $109 million, and now counts strategic investors Cisco and Samsung among its backers. We’ve covered Tilera for years, ever since I named them one of the top 5 multicore startups to watch back in 2008, then again when it released its 100-core chip.

From that story:

Tilera scoffs at quad-core machines. The company’s chips already are used by 75 customers, and come with 36, 64, and now 100 cores. Agarwal says, “The core is the new transistor.” By cramming so many cores onto its chips connected by a mesh network of interconnect that allows the cores to communicate without bottlenecks, Bob Doud, director of marketing, says that Tilera can sell its chips to folks wanting faster memcached servers or better performance at web-scale computing. The chips, which provide 1.25 GHz of performance, are no match for Intel’s workhorse Nehalem processor that can top out at 3.3GHz. But Tilera’s chips only burn 33-50 watts instead of 130 watts that top-of-the-line Nehalem silicon can.

Tilera is joining other specialty chipmakers that are betting that the rising demand for computing power can’t be met by x86 processors without consuming too much power. Other chipmakers are repurposing popular chips from the consumer world, such as Nvidia’s emphasis on GPUs or Calxeda and Marvell’s decision to bring ARM-based chips into servers (Nvidia recently joined this camp too). However, Tilera has scorned the more-popular architectures and has built its own design (it uses a RISC architecture), and it hopes to achieve 200 cores by 2013. In a call to chat about the funding, Tilera executives said the company has made progress porting common software used in networking gear and data centers to its chip and that one of the top three webscale data centers is using a server that contains Tilera chips.

Troy Bailey, VP of marketing at Tilera, dismissed the current threat of ARM-based chips, pointing out that the designs from ARM, which are more commonly used in cell phones, are not offering 64-bit processors yet. This limits their ability to run certain types of corporate software. As for other architectures, Bailey believes many different architectures will have a place in different sections of the data center. In the meantime, the $45 million for Tilera will help it pursue its original networking and embedded market while tweaking its basic design for more specific types of workloads inside hyperscale and cloud data centers. It’s a lot of money, but as we’re seeing with funding for companies such as SeaMicro or Calxeda, venture investors think it’s a big opportunity.

For more on Tilera’s position for the cloud, check out the discussion from last year’s Structure conference, where executives from SeaMicro, Tilera, ARM, Dell and VMware discussed where the hardware for computers was heading.

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The reality is that volumes are growing for all types of data, not just the unstructured data that might lead businesses to consider any of the emerging NoSQL or non-SQL database technologies. Organizations doing millions of transactions or otherwise producing relational data want products that meet their needs, too, and they want them to be minimally disruptive in terms of learning new technologies and rewriting applications. It’s hard to get less disruptive than keeping the database layer essentially the same.

Presently, most attempts to scale relational databases involves concepts like sharding or implementing a cache system, so Clustrix’s approach of scaling out the database itself by adding nodes is understandably attractive to customers. Thus far, the only other startup making noise around high-performance, scalable SQL is VoltDB, which focuses on online transaction processing. Just like NoSQL projects have proliferated to solve various problems related to unstructured data, Clustrix’s early success suggests that attempts to build scalable SQL databases might start ramping up, too.

An interesting side note to the Clustrix announcement is how it underscores the notion that SQL and NoSQL databases can coexist within the same organization. Clustrix customer AOL recently announced its work with NoSQL startup Membase (and Hadoop vendor Cloudera) around turning large volumes information on user events into a high-speed, targeted ad-serving system.

Image courtesy of Wikipedia Commons contributor Andreas Praefcke.

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This is the email from Steve Jobs, which was released by Apple in its entirety as a press release:

Team,

At my request, the board of directors has granted me a medical leave of absence so I can focus on my health. I will continue as CEO and be involved in major strategic decisions for the company.

I have asked Tim Cook to be responsible for all of Apple’s day to day operations. I have great confidence that Tim and the rest of the executive management team will do a terrific job executing the exciting plans we have in place for 2011.

I love Apple so much and hope to be back as soon as I can. In the meantime, my family and I would deeply appreciate respect for our privacy.

Steve

This isn’t the first time Jobs has had to step away from the company due to health concerns. On Jan. 14 2009, Jobs stepped down as CEO temporarily, also citing health issues. The news also came in the form of a personal email from Jobs to Apple employees. This second leave comes almost exactly two years after the first. At the beginning of that earlier leave, Jobs anticipated a summer return to the company. This time, his plans seem much less definite.

It was later revealed that Jobs left to have a liver transplant in April of 2009. Critics argued that by keeping the specifics of his health issues hidden, he was hiding material information from investors and damaging the company. Stock prices initially suffered following the news of Jobs’ first absence, and the same can probably be expected this time around. Stock values are already down in European trading.

While this is most definitely bad news for the Apple CEO, we wish him a speedy recovery.

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Google was inspired to make the change after a year in which its flagship application, Gmail, experienced overall availability of 99.984 percent. As blog author Matthew Glotzbach points out, that translates to an average of 7 minutes of downtime per month, which is far better than most on-premise email systems, including Microsoft Exchange. However, the post doesn’t include comparisons to competitive hosted email options, such as Microsoft BPOS or IBM LotusLive. One potentially big competitor, Microsoft Office 365, is still in beta, so an accurate uptime comparison can’t be made.

Google hasn’t been too forthcoming about its processes migrating workloads from place to place, but this 2009 interview with SVP of Operations Urs Holzle does shed some light on how the company utilizes its global footprint to route around both server-level and data-center-level issues. If the company is able to handle unforeseen outages fairly smoothly, it stands to reason that it can route around planned downtime without issue.

It will be interesting to see if Microsoft — Google’s primary rival in the cloud services space — matches Google’s promise of no planned downtime. Microsoft, too, has a large server footprint distributed across the world. It’s arguable that Microsoft already has the better SLA anyhow, as Microsoft is promising a “financially backed” 99.9 percent SLA for Office 365, whereas Google compensates for below-SLA service levels with free days tacked onto the end of the service term.

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Energy experts have been predicting such a situation at least as early as 2007, when London began upgrading its power grid to achieve greater efficiency during the games, at the expense of power-hungry data centers. But it’s not just the Olympics that have London data centers in peril. According to a 2008 Guardian article, the Olympics are just the latest blow to an already underpowered London from which data centers operators are migrating en masse to cities — or countries — outside the metropolitan area.

Pushing expansion to outside geographies and retrofitting or otherwise revamping data centers to achieve higher efficiency are potential solutions for data center operators, but so is cloud computing. Done right, cloud hosting can seriously reduce data center energy usage thanks to practices like virtualization and automation, on top of the economies of scale that already come from operating large data centers. As Rich Miller at Data Center Knowledge has pointed out, Rackspace has seen significant gains in revenue per server since expanding its cloud computing business, in part because of the efficiency gains from hosting multiple customers per physical server.

Cloud computing could be good news for local businesses, too, either as a short-term solution to the specter of their London-based hosting providers going down during the Olympics, or as a long-term solution to save themselves from power issues as their computing needs increase over time. As with most geographies, cloud-adoption surveys are inconclusive, but the wild success of Amazon Web Services’ Dublin data center — its sole European Availability Zone — might be telling about whether U.K. businesses will move to the cloud.

According to research from Netcraft, AWS now accounts for one-third of all web-facing servers hosted in Ireland, and, since AWS  launched there in 2008, “there is a clear increase in non-Irish companies hosted in Ireland.” No one can say for certain what percentage of these non-Irish companies are headquartered in the United Kingdom, but London is the economic center of the area — if not all of Europe — so it’s safe to assume the United Kingdom is driving a fair amount of AWS’s Dublin business. And AWS isn’t the only cloud option available for companies currently hosting large numbers of servers in power-strapped London, as Microsoft also has a Windows Azure data center located in Dublin. As companies begin shaping contingency plans for London 2012, and beyond, one has to wonder how big a role cloud computing will play.

I’ve asked Amazon and Peer1 Hosting, for comment, but neither has responded yet.

Image courtesy of English Wikipedia user FirstFreddy.

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• Is Software the Key to Green Data Centers?

Yesterday, Reuters reported employees at Harbinger Capital are departing on the heels of investors in the fund pulling out their money and shrinking the asset base. The Reuters story says Harbinger has tied up 40 percent of its assets in LightSquared, and its investors are nervous. Harbinger’s troubles might not be noteworthy, except that LightSquared will undoubtedly need more cash, and it may not be able to get it from its primary backer. The shrinking funds and employee departures also indicate worry over LightSquared, Harbinger’s biggest investment.

Those doubters are smart. LightSquared, which must use both terrestrial towers and satellites in its network, has experienced some setbacks with its satellite launch, including difficulty finding carrier partners and a poorly-reviewed, dual-mode, satellite and terrestrial handset. The dual-mode nature of the network is due to the spectrum that LightSquared both owns and leases from other satellite providers. Those airwaves are burdened with some FCC restrictions that require any network using satellite handsets to have both a satellite and terrestrial network component. I’ve explained why this is so burdensome: Satellites are expensive, and their data rates are slow while the handsets are generally clunkier and pricey, but Harbinger was optimistic. The FCC is too, but mostly because its plan for better broadband in the U.S. and more competition is resting on mobile broadband access for all.

To get around some of the difficulties, LightSquared said in a November filing to the FCC that it would provide 500 kilobytes of satellite capacity for every gigabyte of terrestrial capacity (PDF), which essentially means it would send less than 1/100th of a percent of its traffic over the satellite network. LightSquared hopes to convince the FCC that the traffic split still means it’s providing a dual-network service, and squares it away with the constraints attached to its spectrum.

Meanwhile, the FCC is trying to figure out how to get the MSS band owned by satellite providers to carry data traffic without drawing the ire of carriers who have opposed the FCC’s past attempts to create competition for them in the MSS band. The agency could soon vote on rules that allow satellite providers to lease their existing spectrum in the secondary market and may allow LightSquared to sign up customers who would only use the terrestrial network. A report from last week issued by investment research firm Stifel Nicolaus isn’t optimistic that this will help. It states:

We believe the FCC may soon move forward on two proceedings to provide additional flexibility for wireless broadband use of the mobile satellite (MSS) spectrum. But once again we caution investors that we do not see these steps as sufficient to free up the spectrum for stand-alone broadband wireless service in the spectrum in any of the three MSS bands currently held by Lightsquared, Inmarsat (LSE: ISAT), Globalstar (GSAT), Iridium (IRDM), TerreStar (TSTR), and ICO/DBSD (ICOG). Although it is possible the FCC may take some additional steps toward relaxing the satellite gating criteria in one of these orders, we continue to think it is more likely the agency will see how the run for incentive auction legislation goes first, or respond to a deal that is brought to the agency.

The FCC may approve LightSquared’s plan, although the National Telecommunications and Information Authority on Wednesday demanded that the FCC conduct an interference test first, which would delay things to a point where LightSquared couldn’t meet commitments to cover 9 million people by third quarter of this year, which was part of an FCC approval process for Harbinger to back LightSquared, despite being located outside the U.S.

In short, LightSquared still needs money, and it needs help from the FCC to bring its nationwide network to fruition, but both of those things may be hard to come by given the FCC’s political position after implementing network neutrality, as well as Harbinger’s financial position.

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By buying the Plano, Texas-based Lineage from its current owner, the private equity firm The Gores Group, GE will get a hold of data center power equipment customers including Verizon and HP, as well as a revenue stream that stood at $450 million in fiscal year 2010. It will also gain an in-house provider of inside-the-building gear for its growing data center business and related power grid businesses, which stretch from power generation to energy distribution grids.

GE has been making investments lately in data center-focused technologies; power conversion devices being just one area. GE has invested multiple rounds into wireless energy sensor startup SynapSense, and has been offering engineering and management services for more energy-efficient data center construction and retrofit projects for years now.

Lineage’s roots in AC-to-DC power conversion could give it a boost in a growing trend amongst data center designers: going to all-DC power systems. JPMorgan, Sprint, Boeing, Bank of America and SAP have built all-DC data centers, and GE has partnered with DC data center equipment maker Validus DC Systems.

In the meantime, rivals in the power grid space such as Schneider Electric and ABB have been making their own moves into the data center realm. Data centers used about 1.5 percent of the power generated in the U.S. in 2006, but that share was expected to double by 2012 to add up to $7.4 billion in annual power bills, according to a 2007 EPA report.

That could drive a fourfold increase in the green data center market to some $41.4 billion by 2015, Pike Research estimates. Growth has been driven both by telecom-focused growth in smartphones and other mobile devices, as well as through innovations in the traditional IT sector such as cloud computing.

Gores Group bought Lineage from conglomerate Tyco for $100 million three years ago, and Tyco acquired it from Lucent as part of a $2.5 billion deal in 2000. GE’s acqusition should close in the first quarter of 2011, GE told Bloomberg.

For more research on green data centers check out GigaOM Pro (subscription required):

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Image courtesy of The Planet via Creative Commons license.

The Problem

A website address like gigaom.com is actually an easy-to-remember alias or nickname for a numeric address like 74.200.247.61. (GigaOM actually has several, to deal with the traffic that the website receives.) These addresses can be in the range 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255. Because some of the possible numbers are reserved, there are theoretically somewhat over 4 billion internet addresses available under this system, which is known as IPv4.

Unfortunately, it’s been known for some time that we’re running out of IPv4 addresses. By some measures, only 2 percent of the available addresses remain, and they will be exhausted in mid-February, in just over a month.

So the internet will need to move to IPv6 addresses, which will give us a bunch more possibilities: 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 of them, in fact. There’s some great information available if you want details.

Getting Ready

A lot of the infrastructure of the internet will need to be updated in order to support IPv6, but very little of it has yet been deployed. It won’t be possible to make the transition to “native IPv6″ in the time available. Therefore, a number of short-term fixes are in the works, but the FCC, in a recent paper [PDF], calls them “kludges.”

The short term solutions are necessary because there is not enough time to completely migrate the entire public Internet to “native IPv6″ where end users can communicate entirely via IPv6….These kludges include more efficient use of the IPv4 address resource, conservation, and the sharing of IPv4  addresses through the use of Network Address Translation (NAT).  While these provide partial mitigation for IPv4 exhaustion, they are not a long-term solution, increase network costs, and merely postpone some of the consequences of address exhaustion without solving the underlying problem.

Most users won’t see any immediate effects when the IPv4 addresses run out. But large site operators, like Google, Facebook, and Yahoo, will be affected, so they have agreed to test their readiness for IPv6, or at least the short-term solutions being worked on today, on June 8. In the long term, major infrastructure upgrades will be needed. As the FCC paper says:

[T]he short-term solutions are problematic. The “solution to the solution” is to complete the transition to a native IPv6 network. A native IPv6 network will restore end-to-end connectivity with a vastly expanded address space, will improve network performance, and should decrease costs. Completing the transition of the public Internet to IPv6 will take time.

As for the rest of us, we probably won’t need to do anything in the near future. It will be up to our internet service providers to make the necessary changes to their systems. A few people may need to reconfigure routers and VPNs, and web hosts will need to add some new DNS records.

If you’re interested, you can test your connection here. But don’t worry if you get results like this one.

It just means that your ISP hasn’t assigned you an IPv6 address yet, which will be true for almost everyone.

By the way, Google and Facebook will still be available via the current IPv4 system on and after June 8. So don’t panic. You’ll probably hear from your ISP in coming months, but it’s unlikely that you’ll lose service.

How are you and your colleagues preparing for IPv6?

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